Ahmad
What was their purpose and creation of an art (ex. painting or scultpure), how has it developed?
best answer gets 10 points
Thank you in advance =)
Answer
Roman art and architecture had a profound impact on the
world we live in today by influencing modern city planning,
architecture, and art. The early Roman structures were
copies of Greek architectural forms, however, the Romans
soon established their own identity by developing new
building material and constructing unusual shapes and
forms.
The Roman Empire's most impressive contribution is their
architecture. They created numerous structures, blending
utility with beauty. Quarried stone, used in conjunction
with timber beams, terra-cotta tiles and plaques, as well
as marble, was the essential Roman building material from
Republican times on ("Roman" Encarta'96). They also
developed a totally new type of material which they called
caementum (cement) and concretus (concrete). Cement is a
fine, gray powder which is mixed with water and materials
such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone to make concrete.
Concrete is fireproof, watertight, and comparatively cheap
and easy to make. When first mixed, concrete can be molded
into almost any shape. It quickly hardens into an
extremely strong material that lasts a long time and
requires little care. The cement that was used by the
Romans had such great durability that some of their
buildings, roads, and bridges still exist.
Concrete vaulting made possible the construction of the
great amphitheaters and baths of the Roman world, as well
as the dome of the Pantheon ("Roman"). They used huge
vaulted halls, called basilica., for courtrooms and civic
activities. Many of their most impressive buildings were
constructed during the imperial period, from 27 B.C. to
A.D. 476. Roman theaters first appeared in the late
Republic. They were semicircular in plan and consisted of a
tall stage building abutting a semicircular orchestra and
tiered seating area. The earliest known amphitheater (75
BC) is at Pompeii, and the grandest, Rome's Colosseum (AD
70-80), held approximately 50,000 spectators, roughly the
capacity of today's large sports stadiums ("Roman"). The
Pantheon is the only building of Imperial Rome to have
withstood successfully the ravages of time and man (Morore
14). The porch reminds us of the Parthenon, but one can
clearly see that the columns are Corinthian rather that
Doric (Morore). The great vaulted dome is 142 ft in
diameter, and the entire structure is lighted through one
aperture, called an oculus, in the center of the dome
("Pantheon" Encarta'96). The Pantheon was erected by the
Roman emperor Hadrian between AD 118 and 128, replacing a
smaller temple built by the statesman Marcus Vipsanius
Agrippa in 27 BC. In the early 7th century it was
consecrated as a church, Santa Maria ad Martyres, to which
act it owes its survival ("Pantheon").
Another great achievement, attributed to the Romans, was
the layout of cities and the construction of apartment
buildings. The typical Roman city of the later Republic and
empire had a rectangular plan and resembled a Roman
military camp. It had two main streets; the main
north-south thoroughfare was called the cardo and the
east-west thoroughfare, the decumanus (Adam 54). A grid of
smaller streets divided the town into blocks, and a wall
with gates encircled the city. Recreational buildings,
buildings for homes, and shops were dispersed throughout
the area ("Roman" Encarta'96). The shops were usually
one-room units opening onto the sidewalks. Large cities and
small towns alike also had public baths. Under the
Republic, they were generally made up of a suite of
dressing rooms and bathing chambers with hot- , warm- , and
cold-water baths alongside an exercise area, the palaestra.
The city plan also included libraries, lecture halls, and
vast vaulted public spaces elaborately decorated with
statues, mosaics, paintings, and stuccos ("Roman"). In the
second century A.D., Rome had nearly a million inhabitants
(Adam 58). The rich dwellings of the aristocracy and the
emperors' palaces stood close to the communal apartment
houses that were several stories high (about 60 feet).
These apartment houses were hastily built, "supported only
by beams as long and thin as flutes," wrote Juvenal.
Sometimes they fell down, and they were an easy prey for
the fires that periodically swept through the capital
(Adam).
As Rome established herself as the center of civilization,
it became clear that her destiny in the arts was to be
realistic in sculpture, as she had been imperialistic in
government (Craven 43). Throughout the Roman world, statues
and reliefs were regularly displayed in, on, and around
public and private buildings ("Roman" Encarta'96). The
style of the imperial relief sculptures ranges from the
conscious neo-Greek classicism of the Ara Pacis friezes to
the late antique the schematic, frontal, and hieratic style
of the new reliefs of the Arch of Constantine. Statues were
erected of deities, heroes, and mortals alike in a wide
variety
Roman art and architecture had a profound impact on the
world we live in today by influencing modern city planning,
architecture, and art. The early Roman structures were
copies of Greek architectural forms, however, the Romans
soon established their own identity by developing new
building material and constructing unusual shapes and
forms.
The Roman Empire's most impressive contribution is their
architecture. They created numerous structures, blending
utility with beauty. Quarried stone, used in conjunction
with timber beams, terra-cotta tiles and plaques, as well
as marble, was the essential Roman building material from
Republican times on ("Roman" Encarta'96). They also
developed a totally new type of material which they called
caementum (cement) and concretus (concrete). Cement is a
fine, gray powder which is mixed with water and materials
such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone to make concrete.
Concrete is fireproof, watertight, and comparatively cheap
and easy to make. When first mixed, concrete can be molded
into almost any shape. It quickly hardens into an
extremely strong material that lasts a long time and
requires little care. The cement that was used by the
Romans had such great durability that some of their
buildings, roads, and bridges still exist.
Concrete vaulting made possible the construction of the
great amphitheaters and baths of the Roman world, as well
as the dome of the Pantheon ("Roman"). They used huge
vaulted halls, called basilica., for courtrooms and civic
activities. Many of their most impressive buildings were
constructed during the imperial period, from 27 B.C. to
A.D. 476. Roman theaters first appeared in the late
Republic. They were semicircular in plan and consisted of a
tall stage building abutting a semicircular orchestra and
tiered seating area. The earliest known amphitheater (75
BC) is at Pompeii, and the grandest, Rome's Colosseum (AD
70-80), held approximately 50,000 spectators, roughly the
capacity of today's large sports stadiums ("Roman"). The
Pantheon is the only building of Imperial Rome to have
withstood successfully the ravages of time and man (Morore
14). The porch reminds us of the Parthenon, but one can
clearly see that the columns are Corinthian rather that
Doric (Morore). The great vaulted dome is 142 ft in
diameter, and the entire structure is lighted through one
aperture, called an oculus, in the center of the dome
("Pantheon" Encarta'96). The Pantheon was erected by the
Roman emperor Hadrian between AD 118 and 128, replacing a
smaller temple built by the statesman Marcus Vipsanius
Agrippa in 27 BC. In the early 7th century it was
consecrated as a church, Santa Maria ad Martyres, to which
act it owes its survival ("Pantheon").
Another great achievement, attributed to the Romans, was
the layout of cities and the construction of apartment
buildings. The typical Roman city of the later Republic and
empire had a rectangular plan and resembled a Roman
military camp. It had two main streets; the main
north-south thoroughfare was called the cardo and the
east-west thoroughfare, the decumanus (Adam 54). A grid of
smaller streets divided the town into blocks, and a wall
with gates encircled the city. Recreational buildings,
buildings for homes, and shops were dispersed throughout
the area ("Roman" Encarta'96). The shops were usually
one-room units opening onto the sidewalks. Large cities and
small towns alike also had public baths. Under the
Republic, they were generally made up of a suite of
dressing rooms and bathing chambers with hot- , warm- , and
cold-water baths alongside an exercise area, the palaestra.
The city plan also included libraries, lecture halls, and
vast vaulted public spaces elaborately decorated with
statues, mosaics, paintings, and stuccos ("Roman"). In the
second century A.D., Rome had nearly a million inhabitants
(Adam 58). The rich dwellings of the aristocracy and the
emperors' palaces stood close to the communal apartment
houses that were several stories high (about 60 feet).
These apartment houses were hastily built, "supported only
by beams as long and thin as flutes," wrote Juvenal.
Sometimes they fell down, and they were an easy prey for
the fires that periodically swept through the capital
(Adam).
As Rome established herself as the center of civilization,
it became clear that her destiny in the arts was to be
realistic in sculpture, as she had been imperialistic in
government (Craven 43). Throughout the Roman world, statues
and reliefs were regularly displayed in, on, and around
public and private buildings ("Roman" Encarta'96). The
style of the imperial relief sculptures ranges from the
conscious neo-Greek classicism of the Ara Pacis friezes to
the late antique the schematic, frontal, and hieratic style
of the new reliefs of the Arch of Constantine. Statues were
erected of deities, heroes, and mortals alike in a wide
variety
Does anybody know something about the city Arad from Romania ?
in_urma
I am from Arad :)
Answer
Arad is a modern-built city and contains many handsome private and public buildings, including a cathedral. An important industrial center and transportation hub, It is also the seat of a Romanian Orthodox bishop and features two universities, a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary, a training school for teachers, and a music conservatory.
According to the 2002 census, the municipality of Arad was home to 172,827 inhabitants. The ethnic breakdown of the city was as follows: 142,968 Romanians (82.7%); 22,492 Hungarians (13.0%); 3,004 Roma (1.7%); 2,247 Germans (1.3%); and 2,116 of other nationalities (1.2%).
The largest religious groups represented were the Eastern Orthodox (72.7%), Roman Catholic (13.1%), Baptist (4.5%), Pentecostal (4.4%), Reformed (3.1%), and Greek-Catholic Uniate (1.1%) churches.
Chronology
1028 - First time the area was mentioned
1078 - 1081 - The first mention of the town
1131 - Arad is mentioned in The Painted chronicle from Vienna
1551 - 1697 - The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire
1702 - The furriers' guild was registered - the oldest one
1715 - Camil Hofflich, a minorite monk, set up the first school - German language
1765 - 1783 - A new fortress was build, in Vauban style
1812 - The foundation of Preparandia - the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania
1817 - Hirschl Theatre was built - the first stone theatre in the country
1868 - Mihai Eminescu participated as prompter
1833 - The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna, and London - Arader Musik Conservatorium
1834 â Arad obtained the "free royal town" statute
6 October 1849 - 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed
1890 - The founding of The Philharmonic Society'
1846 - Franz Liszt performed
1847 - Johann Strauss the Son performed
1877 - Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed
1922 - George Enescu performed
1924 - Béla Bartók performed
August 15, 1899 - The first official football game was held
April 10, 1913 â Arad - Podgoria, the first electrical railway in Eastern Europe and the eighth in the world was built in Arad
1918 - Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council and a non-official capital of Transylvania
May 13-15 - Iuliu Maniu expresses the decision of separation from Hungary and the union of Transylvania with Romania
1937 â Arad was the most important economic centre in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania
1989 â Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against communism
1999 - The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated
Some tourist attractions
The Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fotresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, CloÅca, and CriÅan
Administrative Palace, built in 1872-74, renaissance architecture
"Ioan Slavici" Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler
Neuman Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism
Judiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism
Cenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture
National Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture
BohuÅ Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)
Szantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession
Cultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals
CloÅca Street, Vienna Secession
The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture
The monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740
The Lutheran Church in AradReconciliation Park
The Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary army
The Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against Kossuth and Garibaldi)
Martyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919
The Bust of Vasile GoldiÅ (1862 â 1934) * The Bust of Moise NicoarÄ (1784 â 1861)
Recreational tourism
Neptun Swimming Place, one of the most beautiful places of amusement of this kind in Romania
The MureÅ Embankment
The Grove
The Ceala Forest with MoltÄreÅ£ Lake and MureÅ Isle
The Vladimirescu Forest
Ghioroc Lake
MiniÅ - MÄderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad
Arad is a modern-built city and contains many handsome private and public buildings, including a cathedral. An important industrial center and transportation hub, It is also the seat of a Romanian Orthodox bishop and features two universities, a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary, a training school for teachers, and a music conservatory.
According to the 2002 census, the municipality of Arad was home to 172,827 inhabitants. The ethnic breakdown of the city was as follows: 142,968 Romanians (82.7%); 22,492 Hungarians (13.0%); 3,004 Roma (1.7%); 2,247 Germans (1.3%); and 2,116 of other nationalities (1.2%).
The largest religious groups represented were the Eastern Orthodox (72.7%), Roman Catholic (13.1%), Baptist (4.5%), Pentecostal (4.4%), Reformed (3.1%), and Greek-Catholic Uniate (1.1%) churches.
Chronology
1028 - First time the area was mentioned
1078 - 1081 - The first mention of the town
1131 - Arad is mentioned in The Painted chronicle from Vienna
1551 - 1697 - The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire
1702 - The furriers' guild was registered - the oldest one
1715 - Camil Hofflich, a minorite monk, set up the first school - German language
1765 - 1783 - A new fortress was build, in Vauban style
1812 - The foundation of Preparandia - the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania
1817 - Hirschl Theatre was built - the first stone theatre in the country
1868 - Mihai Eminescu participated as prompter
1833 - The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna, and London - Arader Musik Conservatorium
1834 â Arad obtained the "free royal town" statute
6 October 1849 - 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed
1890 - The founding of The Philharmonic Society'
1846 - Franz Liszt performed
1847 - Johann Strauss the Son performed
1877 - Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed
1922 - George Enescu performed
1924 - Béla Bartók performed
August 15, 1899 - The first official football game was held
April 10, 1913 â Arad - Podgoria, the first electrical railway in Eastern Europe and the eighth in the world was built in Arad
1918 - Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council and a non-official capital of Transylvania
May 13-15 - Iuliu Maniu expresses the decision of separation from Hungary and the union of Transylvania with Romania
1937 â Arad was the most important economic centre in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania
1989 â Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against communism
1999 - The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated
Some tourist attractions
The Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fotresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, CloÅca, and CriÅan
Administrative Palace, built in 1872-74, renaissance architecture
"Ioan Slavici" Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler
Neuman Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism
Judiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism
Cenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture
National Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture
BohuÅ Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)
Szantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession
Cultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals
CloÅca Street, Vienna Secession
The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture
The monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740
The Lutheran Church in AradReconciliation Park
The Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary army
The Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against Kossuth and Garibaldi)
Martyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919
The Bust of Vasile GoldiÅ (1862 â 1934) * The Bust of Moise NicoarÄ (1784 â 1861)
Recreational tourism
Neptun Swimming Place, one of the most beautiful places of amusement of this kind in Romania
The MureÅ Embankment
The Grove
The Ceala Forest with MoltÄreÅ£ Lake and MureÅ Isle
The Vladimirescu Forest
Ghioroc Lake
MiniÅ - MÄderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad
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